reticulated gila monster

seen on 4.20.2010 near sugarloaf mountain

success

this bat cupola was installed just under a year ago

in northwest phoenix. at least 200 california leaf-nosed

bats continue to come and go. the cupola looks so much

better than the chain link fence that it replaced.

california leaf-nosed bats in mexico

night roosting in a building, photo taken in 

april, pregnant females

pallid bat field note

pdf version here: http://www.azgfd.gov/i_e/ee/resources/field_notes/mam/pallid_bat.pdf


Pallid Bat Wildlife Field Notes  ■  Antrozous pallidus  ■  By Angie McIntire Illustration by Zackery Zdinak Scientific Name: Antrozous pal-lidus. Its name comes from the Greek antro meaning “cave,” and zous mean-ing “animal;” and from the Latin pallidus,meaning “pale.” This bat also is referred to as the “desert bat.” Description: A relatively large bat with a forearm length of 45 to 60 mm, the pallid bat is light in color with long, prominent ears and pinkish-brown or gray wing and tail membranes. Adults usually weigh 17 to 28 grams (about the weight of six nickels). The pallid bat can be distinguished from other bats by its yellowish or cream-colored fur, large ears and the presence of a small horseshoe-shaped ridge on its blunt muzzle. Glands near its nostrils secrete a distinct skunk-like scent, possibly used as a defense. Distribution: The pallid bat ranges across western North America from south-central British Columbia to central Mexico. It is found throughout Arizona in the sum-mer at elevations ranging from 210 to 6,850 feet, but limited to southern parts of the state during the winter. Habitat: The pallid bat is most abundant in dry ecosystems, including the Great Basin, Mohave and Sonoran deserts, but it can be found in a variety of habitat types, including oak and pine forest, rocky canyons, farmlands and scrub grassland. Day and night roost types include crevices in cliffs, mines and rocky outcrops. This species also will roost in hollow trees, bridges, barns, porches and bat houses. Biology: The pallid bat com-monly roosts in groups of 20 or more, but may roost alone, in small groups of two to 20 bats, or gregariously (with hundreds of individuals). Pallid bats also will roost with bats of different spe-cies. They appear to be highly social, with distinct vocalizations to com-municate about orienting, irritation and spacing within the roost. Mating occurs throughout the winter and females begin to form nurs-ery colonies in April. Young are born over a two-week period in late May or June. A female pallid bat typically has one or two pups per year. Young bats reach adult size in five to seven weeks, but do not attain adult weight until the follow-ing year. While most bats in Arizona are known to feed on the wing, the pallid bat mostly consumes insects it plucks from foliage or the ground. It can consume up to half its weight in insects every night. It may echo-locate while foraging, but also uses passive sound to home in on its targets. Its flight style consists of dipping, rising and swoop-ing as it forages a few feet from the surface in search of cicadas, crickets, beetles, scor-pions, centipedes and the occasional gecko, lizard or small rodent. In a typical evening, the pallid bat has two foraging periods with an intervening rest period. Status: This common bat apparently adapts to a variety of habitat conditions. Short- and long-term trends appear to be stable and it is not a species of concern in Arizona. However, the pallid bat may be susceptible to disturbance at its roosts, and should be monitored for impacts from ongoing habitat loss due to urbanization. Management Needs: We lack data on the impacts of pesticides for this species and its winter habits are poorly understood. Information in these areas, as well as investigation of the pallid bat’s use of dif-ferent resources in diverse habitats, will increase the effec-tiveness of management actions. The Arizona Bat Conservation Strategic Plan outlines goals and objectives for managing, monitoring and researching the pallid bat and Arizona’s other bat species. ■  Nongame biologist Angie McIntire developed a passion for bats as a department intern. The first bat she ever met was a pallid bat. While most bats in Arizona are known to feed on the wing, the pallid bat mostly consumes insects it plucks from foliage or the ground. November–December 7 ■ A R I Z O N A   W I L D L I F E   V I E W S  17

red bat

Batting in the Huachucas last week, in southeastern

 Arizona, we caught quite a few red bats - one of my 

favorites!

american kestrel

Black-footed Ferret Reintroduction Celebrates 10 Years in Aubrey Valley

September/October 2006 Wildlife Views article by Angie McIntire,

(see article here)

It’s 2 a.m., Oct. 28, 2001.

Filled with nervous excitement, I dial Bill Van Pelt’s number. Bill, who manages the Arizona Game and Fish Department’s nongame birds and mammals program, will want to hear this news.

Bill’s wife, Lola, answers. She is trying her best to sound awake and composed, but I hear an edge of concern in her voice.

“Lola? It’s Angie. Nothing is wrong. I’m sorry to call so late. Can I talk to Bill for a second?”

I hear shuffling as the phone is passed, then Bill’s groggy voice. In one breath I blurt out, “Bill, it’s Angie. I’m at the field station and you’ll never guess what I’m about to do. I have a wild-born male black-footed ferret, and I’m getting ready to implant a transponder. We have traps set out on three or four others. I think it’s a dispersing litter, and one could be the dam. It seemed like there were ferrets everywhere. It was incredible. I was running from one burrow to the next, lugging a 15-pound battery and the PIT-tag reader. It was like a dream.”

In his best awakened-in-the-middle-of-the-night voice, Bill manages to say, “Wow, that’s great.”

Back from the Brink

I had rehearsed for that night for more than five years, practicing my “Guess what I found” speech to keep myself awake as I drove hour after hour with a million-candlepower spotlight hanging out the vehicle window. Depending on strong coffee and the belief that it could happen, I scanned my light back and forth across the large valley expanse, searching for a pair of green eyes peering from a hole in the ground, hoping someday I would find a wild-born litter to warrant that late-night call.

The miraculous story of the return of the black-footed ferret is well-known in conservation circles. They were thought to be extinct only 25 years ago. But everything changed on Sept. 25, 1981 when a ranch dog in Wyoming killed the first ferret to be seen since 1979, proving that ferrets still existed. The discovery launched a recovery effort that is still underway.

In September 1996, with the release of 35 black-footed ferrets, Arizona became the fourth state to reintroduce these animals to the wild. While this date marks the milestone when we opened cage doors, the effort truly began some 13 years before, when the Arizona Game and Fish Department’s habitat specialist in Flagstaff, Glen Dickens, posed a question to the department’s nongame branch chief, Terry Johnson.

“Terry,” asked Dickens, “Are searching for ferrets and looking for sites where they could be reintroduced worthy pursuits for the department?”

Johnson’s answer was, “Yes.”

Since then, field crew members, interns, wildlife managers, department biologists and hundreds of volunteers have contributed thousands of hours and spent sleepless nights conducting spotlight surveys, hoping their efforts would pay off. Ask anyone who has been involved with the black-footed ferret reintroduction, “When did this begin for you?” and you get an answer full of passion.

Creativity Breeds Success

When Arizona joined the national effort to reintroduce ferrets, it pioneered several release strategies to forge a unique path to success. The first of these was the use of large outdoor acclimation pens. This was a new release strategy, allowing animals to acclimate to their surroundings and practice hunting for food within an enclosed quarter-acre pen.

Because of the extended time each ferret spent in its pen area, we imagined that once released, our ferrets would disperse slowly after living for some time in burrows adjacent to the pens. For release, we literally cut small holes in each pen section and inserted long flexible PVC tubing to lead the ferrets out to nearby burrows.

The animals left their pens, but most were not seen again. Although we occasionally found a ferret living in the wild after its release, we were hard-pressed to document long-term survival from pen enrichment alone in those early years.

Competition was fierce among reintroduction sites for releasable ferret kits from captive breeding facilities. So we wondered: What if we bred our own ferrets? From that idea, we blazed another trail, becoming the first reintroduction site to breed black-footed ferrets in our outdoor preconditioning pens. After all, wouldn’t ferrets that had never been in zoo captivity be better equipped to survive in the wild?

The first year we attempted to breed ferrets (1997) we maintained a hands-off policy, just putting male and female ferrets together to let nature take its course. That year, we could not document whether any litters had been born. We attempted breeding trials again in 1998, changing our methods to include visual inspections and chemicals and laboratory work to help us make better decisions. We were rewarded with 26 kits, numbers similar to those at captive-breeding facilities.

As any wildlife biologist can tell you, funny things happen in the field. The very first litter born in our pens was a mystery. We never actually paired that first female with a male, yet she became pregnant. We assume the male ferret (named Houdini, if you can believe it), who escaped from the adjacent pen within days of her pregnancy window, was the culprit. Somehow, he snuck into and out of her pen undetected (not an easy task, since the pens were strung with electric wires).

In 1999, we produced even more kits. Although our pen-breeding effort was successful enough to be replicated by other reintroduction sites, it was not materializing into long-term survival or reproduction in the wild. A nocturnal animal that lives underground is relatively difficult to track, and we surely missed a few in our monitoring efforts. But certainly, there was no smoking gun to show us we were on track. After thousands of survey hours, we still didn’t have any clear indication a population was taking hold, let alone building. We wondered if what we were doing was working.

Again we tried something that had never been done at another site: We released animals in the spring rather than the fall. Because ferret kits are born in May and June and gain their independence around October, this is when they are naturally available from captive-breeding facilities for release. Instead of releasing them in the fall, we decided to hold animals in the preconditioning pens through the winter, thinking that a release in the spring would provide an easier transition from captivity to wild. The air would be warmer and more food would be available.

In addition, we hedged our bets by pairing male and female ferrets as we had in our captive-breeding days, hoping that some females would be pregnant for their release. If females were pregnant, they would whelp in the wild. In case they weren’t, we released males in proximity.

Return of the Ferrets

After the spring release in 2001, the momentum began to turn, finally warranting that middle-of-the-night phone call. Since then, the number of wild-born ferrets trapped for identification each year has been on the rise, with 29 trapped and released in 2005. The number of ferrets seen during spotlighting events grows each year as well, with more than 100 sightings in the spring 2006 survey.

In his May 1996 “Arizona Wildlife Views” article, “Green Eyes Glowing in the Night,” Terry Johnson asked, “Will this reintroduction work?” He foresaw that “Countless factors may intervene from a lack of releasable animals to an inability of captive-reared ferrets to adapt to the wild.”

Johnson was right. Those and other factors have intervened. But our will to succeed has been strong, and 10 years into the project I know Bill sleeps soundly. After all, the field team is now far too busy counting wild ferrets to make any late-night phone calls.

Historic Event

Today at 11:00 am, black-tailed prairie dogs were 

ceremoniously returned to southeastern arizona. 

They were extirpated from arizona

 in the 1930s, so this event has been a long time coming. 

A critical component of our southeastern 

grassland ecosystem, where prairie dogs 

live, a multitude of species flourish. 

trapping prairie dogs

trapping was underway all day. we captured 31 prairie dogs to add to 43 captured on friday. 74 prairie dogs will make the journey to arizona for tuesday's big release event. 

home sweet home

my marmot aeros tent is fabulous.

young spotted ground squirrel

Spotted ground squirrels are often found in areas where prairie dogs are living (or lived, in cases where prairie dogs have been extirpated). In Arizona, they live in a variety of habitats, desert to mountain meadows. Their burrows are generally found in sandy soils. In southeastern Arizona they are associated with mesquite and acacia. In northern Arizona, they live among sagebrush and saltbush. This photo taken at the Ladder Ranch, near Truth or Consequences New Mexico. They've been observed feeding on: insects, a variety of seeds (saltbush, mesquite, sunflower, wild gourd), grasshoppers, and the pulp of cacti. 

elk sighting

This bull elk along with another bull and a cow sauntered near our camp. Each night we could hear the elk bugling and bellowing - as bull elk attempt to establish a small herd of females. 

black tailed prairie dogs - on the move

Arizona's black tailed prairie dog translocation project is underway. We are preparing to trap prairie dogs at Ted Turner's Ladder Ranch, near Truth or Consequences, New Mexico. For the next several days, we'll continue the "pre-baiting" phase, which involves baiting traps and allowing the prairie dogs to get used to entering the traps without getting caught. The bait consists of a mixture of sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, and sweet oats. After about a week of pre-baiting, the traps will be set and the dogs will be caught within a couple days (theoretically). The traps we use are called "live traps" because they don't cause harm. 

the beginning of the North American Bat Conservation Alliance

Last week a bit of history was made at the Arizona Sonora Desert Museum. A workshop was held to kick off an international effort on behalf of North American bat conservation. Sure, going out to do surveys and monitoring is important, but real progress is made when a group of people are all dedicated to a common goal. This marks the beginning of NABCA and of a more coordinated effort to make progress for bat conservation among state and federal wildlife agencies and our many partners across the continent.

Corynorhinus townsendii acoustic call

Eagle Creek Bat Cave, April 2008

Once home to millions of Mexican free-tailed bats, Eagle Creek bat cave provides refuge still to many thousand bats. In the early 1960s, Dr. E. Lendell Cockrum (University of Arizona) estimated there must be 25 million bats living in this cave in southeastern Arizona. The bats poured out of the cave for 30 minutes each night like a heavy plume of smoke before fading to trails of bat wisps that lingered for another hour or so. The cave is located in a beautiful Sonoran riparian deciduous forest. Seep willow and tree tobacco line the river and the canyon is populated with Arizona alder, sycamore and walnut, netleaf hackberry, Fremont and narrowleaf cottonwoods, box elder, velvet ash, and desert willow. Mesquite, ocotillo and prickly pear remind you that as lush as Eagle creek may be in the spring, this desert riparian area will dry significantly in the summer months. I saw 4 black hawks, soaring and calling against the canyon walls; turkey vultures, flycatchers and even a roadrunner, the tail of a whip-tailed lizard hanging out of his beak like a limp spaghetti. The 6 desert bighorn sheep - no rams that I could see - were a highlight. So beige and blending with the canyon rock I might have missed them if it weren't for their spots of white rump. They stood still up on the rock, not precarious at all, just confident. Beaver sign was plenty, plenty of peeled bark and gnawed sapling stumps. No beavers working this day.

In the early 1900s, the Eagle Creek bat cave was mined for bat guano.
The guano was removed from the cave and packed to the town of Morenci by burro before being shipped by train to a fertilizer company on the west coast. The guano mining ended around 1954, but still present all these years later are large wooden rollers, ladders, and chutes. Also, left by biologists in the 1960s, large cages where bats were held waiting for biologists to crimp metal bands on their wings in hopes of learning where they come from or where they go (capturing them elsewhere), or perhaps how long they live.

Why am I here? To see if there are signs that people have been disturbing the bats and gauge the feasibility of constructing a gate at the cave entrance to prevent access inside. Evil people have been known to shoot guns into the cave, killing the bats or knocking their babies off the ceiling to die on the cave floor. Even the well intentioned curious can do a lot of harm by going into the cave, which rouses the bats to swirl around the ceiling. If they feel especially vulnerable and fly outside, they'll be easy prey by the black hawks I saw earlier. The cave, with its impressive visible opening is not anything special inside. High ceiling but shallow, there's no branches or hidden rooms to explore. The bats are the cave's treasure, and they are best enjoyed while seated outside at dusk. Watching many thousands of bats (hopefully the population will someday again number in the millions) leave the cave to go feed is worth the price of non-admission.

A Million Ghost Faced Bats

Sunday May 28, 2006, Tamaulipas, Mexico
Sunday we had breakfast and coffee and met an Audobon director, looked at the cabina owner’s photo slide show of snakes and a gruesome jackass that had been killed by a jaguar. We left Gomez Farias around 10 and headed to Quintero Cave. Along the way we stopped to examine and take photos of a very interesting tree. It flowered along the trunk, had branches and leaves similar to ocotillo. Air plants, or epiphytes, and flat cactus pads adorned the branches throughout. It was quite unique, decorated and draped by climbing, clinging, prickly arms. As we took it in, we admired one interesting growth after another. I pressed a couple of the flowers between a sheet of paper in my field guide and saved a small branch with leaves as well. Then on to the cave. Easy to drive to, steps to walk up, graffiti all around. Quite a popular destination. Inside the cave was pretty massive, and it was fairly extensive with domed spots used by certain bat species that like to roost in cup-like domes. Inside there was a huge mexican free-tailed colony, a small cluster of about 20 hairy legged vampire bats, we could see by their rounded ears. Also, glossophaga. The cave had at one time had quite a bit of standing water, as evidenced by the water line, several feet up the wall. But perhaps for 40 years since landowners down the hill had laid a pipe to send the water down to livestock, or agriculture maybe, the cave had dried up save for a couple pools in tiny ceynote like bowls containing endemic crustaceans moving their luminescent bodies like ghosts on curtain like appendages.
Next we headed to cave two of the day.

Quintero Gruta
Bat pollinated tree – hard fruits, look like citrus but more goard like, make maracas. Flowers from trunk, epiphytes adorn, flat long cactus intertwine, interesting leaflets like ocotillo
Red bellied squirrel
Chachalaca
Anis orioles
Kiskadee (like)
Target range
Cuevo Quintero ~ approx 12 species use through year; had ~100,000 Tadarida brasiliensis at site visit, also hairy legged vampire (15-20), and Glossophagus

The water level in some areas was several feet, but maybe 40 years has been dry piped for agriculture. Many domes, limestone cups smooth rocks.

We sat at the mouth of the cave and discussed how to go about affecting the practice of guano mining in Mexico. From my notes: there is a permit process in place in Mexico, maybe oversight is within their energy department. In the US, the Lacey Act is that which has the potential to legislate the movement of guano and appropriate collection practices.

Guano Exports – investigate DOI USFWS Office of International Affairs, Customs, Department of Ag
Recommended action: Take action with Position Paper, cover -
*Reason why this is an important issue
*Biological impacts
*Recommendation
*Be vigilant about the issue
*Document the size of the problem

as we drove to the next site, near Aldama, we listened to Louis Armstrong – when you’re smiling, hello dolly
Passed fields of blue agave
Tamaulipas crow
Fig tree
Black vulture
Black iguana
Heard Gypsy Kings along long bumpy gravel road to Rancho ???
Yellow necked woodpecker
Cahuamas (beer quart), Mayemos (pacifico…not sure what this note meant)

Stopped off at two large ceynotes, first containing 2 native fish, crustaceans, across way was elephant foot tree, a diver was killed there.
Second ceynote had a grebe and tree duck.
Mot mot
Elegant trogon
White tailed deer
Black tree duck
Red-billed pigeon
Parakeets
Chachalacas
Gray fox
Hawk with barred tail (roadside)
La asulfrosa ranch (the water has a lot of sulfur)
Los Cuarteles Cueva – Huge and extensive. Five species were there when we visited, plus opossom, and lots of dermestids canvassing thick, spongy guano. At least a million ghost faced bats fly in a large room, their naked babies clinging to the ceiling. I'd like to say that the little ghost faced bats were cute, but they were probably the strangest most ghoulish looking offspring of any creature ever. Their helplessness, however, endeared me to stay low, quiet and ready to help any that fell from the ceiling in the bat mayhem. The cave was very humid, warm, with a few openings where trees have fallen through, and other openings to the surface. It is the most impressive, extensive cave I've ever been in and I am a little freaked out that we may get lost forever in the maze. We don't. We capture 2 mormoops and 1 lesser mustached bat with a handnet and drove to Hotel Mansion Presas del Rey in Aldama, Room 107. Flew bats in the hotel room to photograph, with SportsCenter highlights of the Suns and Dallas NBA playoff series game in the background. No bats were injured during the photoshoot and they were released back into the night immediately after. That was a fabulous, one of a kind experience - flying bats in a hotel room, that is. Mormoops are gentle and mellow, have long legs. At rest, their bodies hang pendandant; uropotagium extends and tail comes out of membrane, can extend and pull back in.

Ghost-faced bat (Mormoops megalophylla)
Lesser mustached bat (Pteronotus personatus)Common Mustached bat (Pteronotus parnellii)
Lesser long-nosed bat (Leptonycteris curasoae)
Vampires (Desmodus rotundus)
Wind scorpions
Tiny frogs

Bat Falcon Love

Saturday, May 27, 2006, Tamaulipas, Mexico
Saturday we decided not to get up at the crack of dawn, but were ready to go at 10:00. We headed for Gomez Farias, which sounds like a person but is actually a place. Another long drive. We stopped off for Mango Pay (pie), which was so delicious I had two pieces. Then climbed a bit of elevation into moist tropical forest, and assured our rooms at a local guest house. After checking in we stopped for cokes, fantas, and modelos. Then headed to eat Langostinos, filets, rice and fries. After lunch we went on a boat and did some birding, which was fantastic. We saw birds in every direction. That night we went to Agua de Ojo (Ojo de agua?) and set up the photo tent and equipment quickly.

Side note on the value of taking a trip to mexico with high ranking people (branch chief and assistant director). It has allowed me to hear the casual conversations between two individuals who have influence. Even hearing the questions they ask about habitat, the comments they make, the general way they conduct themselves. My general impression: I am super impressed with Bruce’s photography abilities and his ability to make things happen. Somewhat amusing, he does not travel well. He likes things to run smoothly, and needs to have an assistant to attend to the details in life: like keeping organized, setting alarms, waiting at border crossings, tracking lists, making phone calls. On the other hand, he is king of delegation, at least of the details. He could practice a little self control when delegating the obvious (like his repeated command for me to catch the bats after each fly through the chamber). On not traveling well…when traveling in mexico, or anywhere in latin america (possibly all travels abroad, but I’ll withhold comment until I have the other continents on my list) one should expect a few delays, discomforts, inconveniences. For people who travel many times to these areas, this is part of the fun, of not knowing exactly what you’re going to get, and rolling with it. Predictability and smooth travels may occur in the most stringently planned itineraries with guide companies. I wouldn’t know, I prefer not to travel that way (well perhaps when I’m 90).

Ate mango pie; took frog photo; ate langostinos and tilapia
Male bat falcon gave female bat falcon a dragonfly

Butterflies: blue morpho, pale yellow, pale green, orange. Dragonflies: green, black

Blue-crowned mot mot
Anole
Bobwhite
Muscovy duck
Slider turtles
Orioles
Green jay
Mexican jay
Ani (groove or smooth billed?)
Chachalacas
Ringed kingfisher
Green kingfishers
Snake on bank shelf had just eaten
Green heron
A couple warblers
Orange/black oriole
Tamaulipan parrot snake (?) looked like a green vine, narrow (leptophis mexicanus)
Central american yellow bat (Rhogeessa tumida)
Tiny bat with black, frost tipped fur
Evening bat (Nycticeius humeralis)
Jamaican fruit bat (Artibeus jamaicensis)

Military Macaws and Common Mustached Bats

Friday, May 26,2006, Tamaulipas, Mexico
Friday was an early start. We met at 06:00, headed into the mountains, watched the sun rise over the sierra madre; fog crawling along the spine of the mountain. We were in search of blooming agave, but the agave weren’t yet in bloom, so instead we drove past unadorned stalk after stalk. We parked and walked to look for anything in flower. Found a cactus poking out here and there among limestone rocky hillside. Next we went to a small community in search of birds. We found a beautiful flock of military macaws squawking and carrying on. About 48 of them. Feeding on pecans in huge shady pecan trees. That kept us all occupied for a couple hours. Watching and admiring. Afterward we headed back to the room for a siesta. That night we went to a nearby park – the same one arnulfo and I had netted at last year. The net site was parallel to the small river that runs through the park, and just downslope from the vampire cave. We set our nets and captured a Lucy’s warbler with a chestnut cap. Soon after dark we began catching bats. The first, a Common Moustached bat (Pteronotus parnelli). We caught several common vampires (Desmodus rotundus) probably from the cave. We also caught a Sturnira lilium (Yellow shouldered bat). We flew everything through Bruce’s flight chamber while he took premium photos. Then tore down, packed up and headed back to the motel. It was a long day after a long day before. And yet, to think I was getting paid to do the things I had done, not exactly the sort of thing to complain about.

Roadrunner (greater/lesser?)
Military macaw ~ 48 flock eating pecans in giant pecan trees
Common mustached bat (Pternotus parnellii)
Little yellow shouldered bat (Sturnira lilium)
Common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) – in mistnet and cave
Lucy’s warbler - caught in mistnet

Ate cabrito (baby goat) and watched old Spanish movie, which Bruce insisted on narrating and predicting coming scenes

Chunky guacamole, chips
Cara cara